kalat introduction to psychology 11th edition pdf free

Framing the dream experience varies across cultures as well as through time.ĭreaming and sleep are intertwined. These ancient writings about dreams highlight visitation dreams, where a dream figure, usually a deity or a prominent forebear, commands the dreamer to take specific actions and may predict future events.

Long ago, according to writings from Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, dreams dictated post-dream behaviors to an extent sharply reduced in later millennia. The human dream experience and what to make of it has undergone sizable shifts over the course of history. It is not known where in the brain dreams originate, if there is a single origin for dreams or if multiple regions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind. Most modern dream study focuses on the neurophysiology of dreams and on proposing and testing hypotheses regarding dream function. The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology. Dream interpretation, practiced by the Babylonians in the third millennium BCE and even earlier by the ancient Sumerians, figures prominently in religious texts in several traditions, and has played a lead role in psychotherapy. The content and function of dreams have been topics of scientific, philosophical and religious interest throughout recorded history.

Humans spend about two hours dreaming per night, and each dream lasts around 5 to 20 minutes, although the dreamer may perceive the dream as being much longer than this.

1830–33 by Karl Bryullov (1799–1852)Ī dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the mind during certain stages of sleep.

Kalat introduction to psychology 11th edition pdf free